While everyone knows the danger chocolate poses to pets, xylitol is a lesser-known evil. Yet, although xylitol and its hazards are less widely known, it is a much more potent toxin for pets, and pet owners need to understand this sugar-free threat and how to keep their four-legged friends safe. Discover where xylitol may be lurking in your home, what issues it can cause in your pet, and how to prevent poisoning.

Understanding xylitol and pets

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol used as a sweetener in many sugar-free products, including chewing gum, candies, baked goods, and certain medications, and also is known for its cavity-fighting properties, so is commonly found in toothpaste and mouthwash. This sugar substitute is derived from various natural sources, such as birch bark, corn cobs, and fruit and vegetable fibers. Xylitol has gained popularity in human consumption because of its low-calorie content and dental benefits, but ingestion can have devastating consequences for pets.

Xylitol toxicity in pets

While harmless to people, xylitol is extremely toxic to dogs, who are the only domestic species in which xylitol toxicity has been reported—cats do not appear to be affected. When ingested by dogs, xylitol triggers a rapid release of insulin from the pancreas, leading to a sudden decrease in blood sugar levels (i.e., hypoglycemia). Xylitol also can cause liver damage and failure.

Xylitol sources

Xylitol can be found in a wide range of products, some of which are not obvious, so always read ingredient labels. Common xylitol sources include:

  • Chewing gum
  • Sugar-free candies and mints
  • Baked goods (e.g., cookies, cakes, muffins) labeled as sugar-free or low-carb
  • Peanut butter and nut butter spreads
  • Toothpaste and oral care products
  • Cosmetics
  • Deodorant
  • Sunscreen
  • Hair care products
  • Some medications (e.g., chewable tablets, liquid suspensions)

Xylitol poisoning signs in pets

Xylitol toxicity generally is rapid onset, occurring up to 30 minutes after ingestion. However, some substrates (e.g., chewing gum) can slow absorption and delay signs for 12 to 18 hours. Xylitol poisoning signs depend on the amount ingested, with lower doses resulting in hypoglycemia and higher doses causing liver failure. 

Xylitol poisoning signs in dogs may include:

  • Vomiting
  • Weakness or lethargy
  • Loss of coordination
  • Tremors or seizures
  • Collapse or coma

Liver injury signs may not occur for 24 to 48 hours following ingestion and may include depression, vomiting, jaundice, and clotting issues.

Xylitol toxicity treatment for pets

If you suspect your pet has ingested xylitol, you must seek immediate veterinary care. Treatment may include:

  • Emesis induction — If ingestion occurred during the past one to two hours, vomiting may be induced to remove the toxin from the stomach. 
  • Toxin binding — Activated charcoal may be administered to absorb any remaining xylitol in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Organ support — Intravenous fluids may be administered to stabilize blood sugar levels and support liver function.
  • Continuous monitoring — Monitoring of blood glucose levels and liver enzymes will guide ongoing treatment. 

In severe cases, additional supportive care and hospitalization may be necessary.

Xylitol toxicity prevention in pets

Preventing xylitol toxicity in pets requires diligence and awareness. Here are some preventive measures you can take to safeguard your pet:

  • Read product labels carefully, especially on sugar-free or low-carb products.
  • Store xylitol-containing products securely out of pets’ reach, preferably in cabinets or drawers.
  • Be cautious before you offer human foods to your pet, and always check to ensure the product is safe and toxin-free.
  • Use only pet-safe toothpaste and oral care products.
  • Educate family members, friends, and pet sitters about the dangers of xylitol to pets.

Xylitol toxicity poses a significant threat to your canine companion, but by understanding the product’s sources, signs, and potential consequences, you can take proactive steps to prevent accidents and ensure prompt treatment. 

Remember, swift veterinary intervention is crucial in mitigating the effects of xylitol poisoning’s effects and improving your pet’s chances of a successful outcome. If you suspect your four-legged friend has ingested a product that contains xylitol, contact our Bartow Animal Clinic team immediately.